However, the reliability of measurements across smartphones for the same application-based tool has not been evaluated. 10 reported that a smartphone magnetometer-based goniometer has equivalent reliability compared to a UG for passive shoulder abduction ROM, however, active shoulder ROM was not reported. When compared to universal goniometry, concurrent validity was 0.93 to 0.94. 13 evaluated the reliability and validity of an iPhone goniometer for the assessment of active shoulder external rotation ROM and found that inter-rater reliability ranged from 0.92 to 0.94 and intra-rater reliability ranged from 0.79 to 0.81. Several studies have evaluated the reliability and validity of smart phone ROM applications. Thus, alternative ROM assessment tools, such as smartphone applications are gaining popularity in physical therapy practice settings, due to their low cost, availability, and ease and speed of use. These limitations could contribute to measurement error. 7- 10 However, there are limitations associated with its use: the UG requires two hands to manipulate the instrument, can be challenging to accurately position, and requires clear visual estimation for alignment and measurement-reading. 5, 7 While studies that evaluate concurrent validity of the UG for assessment of upper extremity ROM are limited, the UG is used frequently in validation studies of alternative ROM measurement devices. 5, 6 The UG is reported to have excellent inter-rater and intra-rater reliability for the assessment of upper extremity ROM. Universal goniometry is frequently used by physical therapists to assess ROM due to its ease of use, portability, noninvasive nature, and low cost. 4 While the universal goniometer (UG) has been considered the gold standard for clinical assessment of ROM, 5 additional tools used in a clinical setting include inclinometers, digital goniometers, smartphone application-based tools, and laser-guided devices. Measurement of ROM may also be used to detect asymmetry and movement restrictions that may increase risk of injury. 1- 3 These measurements are critical for providing baseline data, determining functional limitations, and monitoring changes in joint mobility in response to treatment. The assessment of joint range of motion (ROM) is an important component of a physical therapy examination.
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